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Dangerous Deterioration

Losing Muscle Mass and What You Can Do About It

As children, our bodies are filled with energy, practically forcing us to stay in shape. As we age, our muscles begin to deteriorate with disuse. No longer are we running, jumping and playing daily as we did during adolescence. Rather, we're sitting down at work all day, watching television at night too much and not focusing on exercise enough. This disuse can quickly lead to muscle loss, a serious side effect of aging.

Age-related loss of muscle mass and strength is now termed "sarcopenia," a relatively new buzzword in the medical field but one that is garnering plenty of research. Scientists today are evaluating the effects age and a sedentary lifestyle have on lean muscle. They are finding that disuse, rather than age, can lead to sarcopenia.

"As an individual ages and activity levels decline, muscle atrophy occurs," says Beth Ribblett, fitness director at the Ochsner Clinic Foundation's Elmwood Fitness Center in New Orleans, La. "This reduction in muscle size slowly begins at age 25 and by age 50 represents a 10 percent loss. A more rapid loss occurs from age 50 to 80 during which an additional 40 percent is lost."

Sarcopenia can creep up on you even if you're involved in an exercise program such as running, aerobic classes or stair-climbing machines. While these programs provide great cardiovascular workouts, they do little to build overall muscle mass and reverse the effects of sarcopenia. Sarcopenia is not a necessary part of aging, and the damaging effects are avoidable – even reversible – through strength training.

Start With Strength Training
A strength-training program can help regain some of the lost muscle mass "through physical exercise and training, especially a combination of aerobic exercise and resistance training," says Dr. Elton Strauss, reconstructive orthopedist and chief of orthopedic trauma and adult reconstructive surgery at the Mount Sinai Hospital Center in New York, N.Y.

Resistance or strength training involves the use of weights or the weight of your own body to build muscle and bone mass. This type of exercise program can reverse the effects of sarcopenia if done correctly and often.

And it's never too late to begin a strength-training program. Scientists have discovered that lean muscle mass can increase at any age if a strength-training program is started and maintained.

Strength training has other benefits as well. "Strength training does protect your heart," says Jim Labadie, fitness trainer and owner of YourFitnessCoach.com. "The stronger your muscles are the less your heart has to strain to deliver oxygen and remove waste products."

Mini Strength Training Program

Developed by Jim Labadie, fitness trainer and owner of YourFitnessCoach.com

This program hits all major muscle groups in the least amount of time. Always warm up for at least five minutes (break a light sweat) before any workout.

Do 15 repetitions of each exercise:

  • Squats: Stand with feet slightly wider than shoulder-width apart, toes slightly pointed outward, head up and back arched, arms extended straight out in front at shoulder height. Bend knees, but keep your knees behind your toes (imagine sitting down in a chair). Butt goes out and chest stays up. Descend slowly, never going farther than thighs parallel to floor. Slowly come back up and repeat, never allowing legs to straighten completely between repetitions.
  • Dumbbell Row: Assume a position similar to that of starting a lawn mower: one foot forward and the other back, knees bent, back is arched. Using a light dumbbell (in the same hand as the leg that is in the back), pull from an arm-outstretched position toward your hip. Keep elbow close to the body.
  • Lunge: Start with feet together and arms out to side for balance. Step forward so that front knee is on a 90-degree angle. Maintain this position. Push off back leg so that forward leg straightens, but do not step all the way back into starting position. Repeat with other leg.
  • Pushups: Can be performed either on the floor or against a wall. Hands will be just barely wider than shoulder-width apart. Slowly bring chest to floor or wall while keeping the abdomen tight. Body should remain in a straight line. Slowly push off floor or against wall and bring body back to starting position.

Repeat program. Cool down for five minutes and then stretch.

Always check with your doctor before starting any exercise program.

Middle-Age Exercisers Beware
Beginning any type of exercise program after muscles have begun to atrophy can result in sore muscles, muscle tears or a host of other medical problems. The term "boomeritis" was coined to explain how baby boomers, those aged 35 to 54, sustain sports injuries by attempting only sporadic exercise. A Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) study revealed that sports-related injuries among today's baby boomers increased by about a third from 1991 to 1998.

Dr. Strauss has seen an increasing number of "boomeritis" patients in recent years. "Boomeritis affects males and females over the age of 35," he says. "Age is not important in their mind, and sports-related exercise improves their daily well-being, both physically and emotionally. They want to do more, not less, and feel that age-related problems would be conquered with medicine and surgery when needed."

Stretching after any type of exercise can help combat the effects rigorous exercise has on the muscles. According to Dr. Strauss, stretching after exercise allows the muscles to recover from rapid movement, allowing blood to repair any damage to the fibers that have been asked to work throughout the cycle.

As we age, stretching becomes more important to the health of our muscles. "As we get older, the fascia, which is the tissue that encompasses our muscles like a rubber glove, gets less elastic," says Labadie. "This loss of elasticity can lead to sore muscles."

In addition, "It's important that stretching take place after you exercise as opposed to before," he says. "Stretching beforehand can tear cold muscles. You should always warm up before you begin exercising, and that means getting a light sweat going. Stretching after you work out brings the muscles back to their proper length, which is important for injury prevention, circulation and reducing soreness."

Spend a few moments stretching after your workout to reduce some of the soreness caused by exercise. This, along with a moderate strength-training program, could be just what you need to feel young again.

Tips for Preventing Boomeritis

Follow these tips from Dr. Elton Strauss, reconstructive orthopedist and chief of orthopedic trauma and adult reconstructive surgery at the Mount Sinai Hospital Center in New York, N.Y., to help prevent "boomeritis":

  • Don't be a weekend warrior and cram exercise into only two days.
  • Learn proper technique from tennis and golf pros and personal trainers.
  • Invest in the right equipment.
  • Warm up properly. Don't skimp on stretching. Research studies have shown that cold muscles are more prone to injury.
  • Increase activity by only 10 percent each week.
  • Remember that moderate physical activity includes things like walking the dog, working in the garden, playing with the kids and taking the stairs instead of the elevator.
  • Take lessons at appropriate levels of play that are offered by local park districts and athletic clubs.
  • Select the proper shoes for your sport and use them only for that sport. When the treads start to look worn or the shoes are no longer as supportive as they were, it's time to replace them.
  • Listen to your body. As you age, you may find that you are not as flexible as you were or that you cannot tolerate the same types of activities that you did years ago. While no one is happy about getting older, you will be able to prevent injury by modifying your activity to accommodate your body's needs.
  • Develop a balanced fitness program that incorporates cardiovascular exercise, strength training and flexibility. In addition to providing a total body workout, a balanced program will keep you from getting bored and lessen your chance of injury.
  • Add activity and new exercises cautiously. No matter if you've been sedentary or are very fit, don't try to take on too many activities at one time. It's best to add no more than one or two new activities per workout.
  • If you have or have had sports or orthopedic injuries or problems like tendonitis, arthritis, stress fractures or lower back pain in the past, consult an orthopedic surgeon who can help you design a fitness routine to promote wellness and minimize the chance of injury.

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